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Solar desalination is a technique to desalinate water using solar energy. There are two basic methods of achieving desalination using this technique; direct and indirect. ==Methods== In the direct method, a solar collector is coupled with a distilling mechanism and the process is carried out in one simple cycle.〔Garcia-Rodriguez, L., Palmero-Marrero, A., Gomez-Camacho, C., (2002). Comparison of solar thermal technologies for applications in seawater desalination, Desalination, 142(2), 135-142.〕 Solar stills of this type are described in survival guides, provided in marine survival kits, and employed in many small desalination and distillation plants. Water production by direct method solar distillation is proportional to the area of the solar surface and incidence angle and has an average estimated value of 3-4L/m2/day.〔Kalogirou, S. (2009). Solar energy engineering: Processes and systems. Burlington, MA: Elsevier/Academic Press.〕 Because of this proportionality and the relatively high cost of property and material for construction direct method distillation tends to favor plants with production capacities less than 200m3/day.〔 Indirect solar desalination employs two separate systems; a solar collection array, consisting of photovoltaic and/or fluid based thermal collectors, and a separate conventional desalination plant.〔 Production by indirect method is dependent on the efficiency of the plant and the cost per unit produced is generally reduced by an increase in scale. Many different plant arrangements have been theoretically analyzed, experimentally tested and in some cases installed. They include but are not limited to Multiple Effect Humidification (MEH), Multiple Stage Flash Distillation (MSF), Multiple Effect Distillation (MED), Multiple Effect Boiling (MEB), Humidification Dehumidification (HDH), Reverse Osmosis (RO), and Freeze effect distillation.〔Qiblawey, H., Banat, F., (2008). Solar thermal desalination technologies, Desalination, 220(1-3), 633-644.〕 Indirect solar desalination systems using photovoltaic (PV) panels and reverse osmosis (RO) have been commercially available and in use since 2009. Output by 2013 is up to per hour per system, and 200 litres/day per square metre of PV panel.〔("Trunk size solar desalination unit" )〕 〔("Container size solar desalination unit" )〕 Municipal-scale systems are planned. 〔("Al-Khafji plant" )''Arab News item 2013''〕 Utrik Atoll in the Pacific ocean has been supplied with fresh water this way since 2010.〔("Utrik RO unit a big success" )''Marshall Islands Journal Jan 17th 2014''〕 Indirect solar desalination by a form of humidification/dehumidification is in use in the Seawater Greenhouse. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Solar desalination」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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